Makki and Madani: A Theoretical Study, Criteria for Determination, and Their Significance in the Study of Quranic Sciences

Abstract

The study of Makki and Madani (Meccan and Medinan revelations) constitutes one of the important branches of Ulum Al-Qur'an, serving as an analytical tool for understanding the context of revelation, the stages of the Prophet's da'wah, and the dynamics of Islamic law during the Meccan and Medinan periods. This article aims to theoretically examine the definitions, criteria, methods of determination, characteristics, and significance of Makki-Madani in the study of Qur'anic exegesis. This research employs a qualitative method with a library research approach, reviewing and analyzing relevant primary and secondary sources, both classical works of ulum Al-Qur'an and contemporary studies. The findings indicate that the determination of Makki and Madani verses is carried out through two main approaches: the transmitted (sam'i naqli) method based on reports, and the analogical-ijtihadi (qiyasi) method based on linguistic and thematic analysis. Meccan surahs are generally characterized by short verses, emphasis on theology and monotheism, stories of earlier nations, and calls to faith; whereas Medinan surahs are characterized by longer verses and discussions of Islamic law, social transactions, and socio-political life. Understanding Makki-Madani carries significant importance for comprehending the occasions of revelation, abrogation, the chronological order of revelation, and for formulating a contextual interpretive methodology responsive to contemporary developments.